does a dog need to be restrained in a car

Short answer: not always, but you’re still on the hook if your mutt causes mayhem.

Across Australia it’s illegal to drive with a dog on your lap or let an animal distract you, and dogs on utes/trays must be safely secured.

Welfare laws also require animals be transported safely, so an unrestrained pooch that’s at risk can still earn you a fine.

Best practice is a crash-tested harness attached to the car’s seatbelt anchor, or a secured crate in the boot—and never in the front seat with an active airbag.

Besides safety, a restraint stops the classic “dog in driver’s ear” manoeuvre and keeps you onside with insurers.

For the exact rules and penalties, check your state road authority, then give the goodest passenger a treat.